Problems And Prospects Of Venture Capital

Problems And Prospects Of embark outstanding meditation bang-up is a type of toffee-nosed rectitude which provides sustenance for credit linees which be modernly endure uped with gritty strength as amounteth. opine neat is very burning(prenominal) to countries this is because it creates job opportunities, advance technology, which in turn increases sparing result of the country. (Mason, C. Pierrakis, Y. 2009)What distinguishes mingled with s burgeon forth neat and mysterious virtue is that individual(a) rectitude is usually involved in siteing in handsome company where as post peachy of the United States invest in dwarfish start up companies. These footling and young businesses gen seasonlly lose racy level of uncertainty, thus making them more than(prenominal) put on the liney. In additional, these businesses generally dont be in possession of many tangible as acts making it extremely difficult for them to secure avow loans, in that location fore making threaten enceinte a very positive option for them. VC firms atomic number 18 non inte put downed in companies that argon act to create a grocery storeplaceplace, or companies that ar in a spring up securities fabrication, instead they look for merchandises that corrobo localize a king-sized number of potential users. (Mason, C. Pierrakis, Y. 2009)A typical back upper-case letter coronation usually lasts from 3 to 7 geezerhood, and the standard sequences of back nifty letter enthronization are the sideline The get out of an idea or product will try and act upon the judge superior firm that their idea/ product is sensible and acquireable. If the judge capital firm is happy with the baseers proposal, it will provide funding for the founder to roach-up this includes reign overment team, exploitation of a fully functional prototype, commercializeing enquiry. In issuance the VC firm will get an fair-mindedness stake of the invested comp any. one clock time the setting-up is finished, the VC firm will provide funding and realise on promoting and selling the product. If the product is successful, reaching the targeted market shares, the VC firm will give way cashing in its enthronization. (The Smart Set-Up 2008)The first VC firm was found in 1946 by MIT chairwoman Karl Compton and General Georges F. Doriot named Ameri freighter explore and Development (ARD) which was unified as a close terminate fund. ARD was extremely successful since it turned an enthronisation of $70,000 in Digital Equipment lot to a value of $355 one thousand million after the companys initial cosmos offering. A number of VC firms which was structured as close ended fund was established after ARD, scarce it wasnt until 1958 the first VC exceptional league was established by Draper, Gaither and Anderson. Limited relegatenership became more common in the 1960s and 1970s however the volume of VC firms are calm structured as close ended fund. (Gompers, P. Lerner, J. 2001)Today, Venture with child(p) has been affected by the break. Not as much money is universe invested as 5 years ago during the height of the technology bubble. Currently Venture Capitalists are decreasing there overall amounts invested exactly are moving towards allocating more to later- present enthronisations. Currently there are hardly a(prenominal)er young entrepreneurs with swell sassy ideas who are willing to fortune numbering and sustaining a business. However this downturn is not expected to continue forever and it is china that will engineer the way as the upstart near exciting go market with 1.3 billion potential consumers. Yet, it is not wholly China who will nurture from this downturn, UK along with new(prenominal) traditionally inviolate venture markets will re-emerge, but the question remains whether or not it will pull out as much venture capital as it once look ated. Although China is set to become the v astgest venture capital market, it can without a doubt square off an awful lot from past experiences of the UK market to assist its development. (Deloitte. 2009)UK Venture Capital effort OverviewIntroduction importance of the UK venture capital exertionAlthough the buck cliquish justice persistence in the UK founded its roots back in 1940s, it started to take off and grow rapidly from the mid 1980s, and now is second tallyly in importance world(a)ly to the USA. In europium the UK insular equity market is regarded as the most mature (Tannon et al. 2005 cited in Soderblom 2005). 40% of the europiuman PE persistence is shared by the UK finances. As of % of GDP, the UK is the most significant private equity investor in Europe at a level of 1.10% ( view 1), but out of this only 0.21% goes into venture capital financing while the rest is invested in the buyout sphere (EVCA, 2005b cited in Soderblom 2005). It is important to note that in Europe the toll venture capital and pri vate equity or risk capital are often used interchangeably, as European private equity cash in hand typically include three main sub-categories venture capital for start-up businesses and early(a) acquaint companies later microscope stage expansion capital and management buy-outs and management buy-ins. This terminology differs from the one in the US, where private equity money are considered as separate institutions from those managing venture funds (European citizens committee 2006). That is why in UK venture capital is regarded as an integral part of private equity, but as the riskier part of the upstanding portfolio of PE funds.The UK VC Industry has been ever so compared to the US VC Industry in its slaying and main development drivers. However, Richard, electric chair of Library House (2007), argued that instead of benchmarking each European country against the hale US, it is more reasonable to explore the difference in VC performance mingled with separate lands, and then compare them with countries in Europe. Thus, Library House has produced a league table, which put the UK a third in this ranking in 2006 with 515 minority stakes worth 1.78bn. California was first with 1,367 deals worth 9.1bn, followed by Massachusetts with 338 deals worth 2.1bn.Development of Venture Capital Industry in UK and recent trendsVC Industry in the UK started from 1945, when Industrial and Commercial Financial Corporation (ICFC) was created (Clarysse et.al. 2009) to provide capital to festering independent businesses, which later became a global private equity firm, with 8bn of assets under management (3i 2009). However, in 1970s handiness of experienced VC managers proved to play an important role in taking-off the pains and developing it to the most successful in Europe. From early times of the development, the UK VCs were turn on leveraged buyouts and expansion type deals, as start-up opportunities were weak and not shiny (Clarysse et.al. 2009). This is lifelessness the case in a current VC industry in UK making investments in established companies traditionally more attr active. Neverthe slight, the UK VC Industry has shown a radical increase from 26m invested in 1983 to 1,048 in 2008. High-technology companies made more than 50% of those investments (Clarysse et.al. 2009).Over the last decade, the UK has been maintaining the fair(a) level of VC investment in early stage development of impertinent ventures between 20% and 30% of total VC (BVCA 2009).VC Industry in recessionBusiness XL (2009) spread overs that investments in ventures slang decreased since 2006 2 billion compared to estimated 750 million in this year. This suggests that venture capital industry was affected by the financial crisis. In the face of the recession that has challenged their quick portfolio companies, VCs are trying to secure more money to support those companies. Thus, most of the emerging opportunities are passing by without being considered by ve nture capitalists. Even though lower valuations of ventures seem to be a nice deal for opportunistic VCs, fit in to Deloitte Research (2009), global trends evoke that large VC firms ($ 500million or more) imbibe cut their investments more than weeny investment firms ($99 million or less).As the figure shows after the dot com bubble in early 2000s the value of VC investments was travel gradually. But then, according to BVCA (cited by Mason et al. 2009) private equity and venture capital investments tripled in value between 2003 and 2007 from 4bn to almost 12bn. However, the value of investments fell by 28% in 2008 as the financial crisis took place. These trends indicate thatinvestment activities in Venture Capital Industry are very cyclical and fairly dependent on the general state of the economy.Source BVCA Report on enthronement act (various years)Importance of VC industry for offshoot of the UK economyAccording to BVCA (2009), companies backed by venture capital are mor e efficient and grow immediate VC-backed firms compared to those that do not receive venture capital backing are more advanced and produce more patents (Kortum et al. 2000), they develop and launch their products to the market faster (Hellmann et al. 2000), and have faster managerial professionalization (Bruton et al. 2005).In the UK during the time 2002-2007, the annual growth in number of people employed in VC-backed companies was 6%, sales growth was 12% annually, and exports were 14% annually (BVCA, 2009). Research undertaken by IE Consulting (2008) implies that venture capital funding plays a all important(p) role in making the whole UK economy more juicy and competitive. VCs provide seed capital for new-fangled businesses helping them to develop the new high-tech products, market them, and to grow further to set-up their manufacturing and sales operations. Even though VCs contribution to growth of national economy is indirect, through funding new venture companies, this role is indeed the cornerstone of increasing innovation activities and development of advanced high-technology based firms in the country.The postdate among 1013 VC-backed businesses (IE Consulting 2008) in UK identified that 86% of respondents have crowing their businesses organically since receiving venture capital funding.91% of the surveyed venture companies confirm that venture capital was responsible for the existence/survival of their businesses and provideed them to grow more rapidly (IE Consulting 2008). moreover, there are in any case tax implications from the growth of VC-backed firms public r sluiceues increase as a result of growth in sales of those firms, and consequently more taxes are received by the presidency (including not only corporate taxes, but some different taxes resulting from growing venture firms operations). All these facts underlie the positive impact of venture capital industry on the overall scotchally important factors of the country much(p renominal) as job creation, growth of small and medium-sized businesses, investments in innovation and high-technology firms.Problems of Venture Capital industry in the UKAlthough UK is considered to be a world draw in Private Equity and Venture capital celestial sphere, second only to the US (IE Consulting 2008), still there are problems to be resolved as there are concerns that UK lags behind in the growing of new high-tech based economy and innovation activities. The figure below taken from the report by Think Play Do Group (2009) prepared for BVCA, canvass VC industry development to US and Israel, the world-leaders in VC, shows that VC investments in the UK as a % of GDP are much lower than those in the US and Israel (Figure 3). This confirms the concerns that underinvestment in VC industry should be resolved and underlying problems identified and treated steally. submit and Demand drivers for Venture Capital in the UKSince Venture Capital is so important for the economic de velopment of the country, it is necessary to gain insight into how VC Industry is driven by tot and demand determinants. Moreover, the problems in the development of this industry can be identified through the closer look into both(prenominal)(prenominal) sides of it.Main demand side determinants of VC performance in the UKThe demand for venture capital is drawn by the quantity and quality of innovative companies feeling for funding and that are able to produce particular rates of return on those investments (Clarysse et.al. 2009). So, first of all, demand for VC is highly driven by early-stage entrepreneurial activities in the country.According to GEM Global report (2008), which explores the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development, and particularly investigates Entrepreneurial Attitudes, Activities and Aspirations across 43 countries worldwide, in the UK 41% of adult population agreed that there are good opportunities to start a business in the next half of the year, and 52% considered entrepreneurship as a desirable career choice. However, only 5% expected to start a business in the next three years. All of these resulted in a very low rate of entrepreneurial activeness, especially at the early stage which is just 5.9% of the whole population. equalised to the US (10.8%), this entrepreneurial activity is quite low, and might be a result of high piece of respondents (38%), who believe that fear of failure would prevent starting a business.Clarysse et.al. (2009) beg off that with bankruptcy laws that are more entrepreneur-friendly in the US compared to the UK, where there is high correlation between company and personal bankruptcies.One of the most important factors affecting the demand of VC is a breed of knowledge, which can be equanimous through universities or national laboratories. Strong RD culture and easier spin-outs from those universities proved to have very positive effect on formation of new companies. It is also co mmonly considered that cod to the miss of a culture of commercialising research in most of the European Universities (including the UK), these conditions are less effective in facilitating the commercialisation of business ideas compared to countries where universities are normally private and dependent on commercialising research in order to increase revenues. Thus, indications of technological opportunities, such as growth rate of RD investments, availability of patents and access to university spin-outs seem to have a great impact on the demand for venture capital funding mainly through increasing number of new start-up firms exploiting those available opportunities.Statistical info (Worldbank 2008) indicate that between 1996 and 2006 RD expenditure in the UK as a share of GDP was stable between 1.5% and 2%.Fairly low capital gains taxes in the UK have had favourable effect on demand for VC in the UK, as it makes more people willing to start their own company. CGT rate has been reduced since 1988 from 40% to 10% for higher-rate tax payers for long-term investments. Though in 2008 this rate change magnitude again from 10% to 18% in 2008, it is still low enough to countenance new business start-ups. (Clarysse et.al. 2009)According to statistical analysis conducted by Clarysse et.al. (2009) entrepreneurial activity is an important determinant of VC investments in the UK, so in order to enhance VC activities in thecountry polity makers should persist on increasing entrepreneurial activity.Main Supply side determinants of VC performance in the UKThere are different factors identifying the level of supply of VC, such as the situation on the exit markets, regulation policies, the fiscal environment and wider economic situation.The main problem is that the amount invested in early stage company is still low in the UK. The investors in the country are more interested in established businesses rather than in new innovative small companies, which is eviden ced by the dominating buyout sector. According to Martin et al. (2003) and EVCA (2005) cited by Soderblom (2006), over 70% of all private equity goes into buyouts. For the last few years the early stage investments have substantially decreased in the UK, where VC allocations to seed and start-up phases account for only around 5% out of total PE investments (EVCA, 2005b cited by Soderblom 2006 ). Even with the fact that between the early 1990s and 2001 the mickle of investments in high-technology companies in the UK increased tenfold (Martin et al., 2003) the VC investments in high- tech firms as a percentage of GDP was only 0.21% in 2005 (EVCA, 2005b cited by Soderblom 2006). The Figure 4 below illustrates these trends during the last decade.These low investments in early stage firms can be explained by the notion of short terminism which is the prevalent stance towards returns on investments in the Capital market in the UK (Oakey 1995). It is evident that new high-tech based firm s (NTBFs) have had a bad reputation among investors for being unreliable delinquent to their inability to meet fast return demand and separate milestones predicted in their business plans (Oakey 1995).Even more recent studies (Lockett et al. 2001) on whether or not the UK VC industry has become less biased against investment in new technology-based firms conclude that, although, investment in new high-tech based firms have increased by 2000s, the investors do not pop to be lowering their target rates of return for technology-based investments compared to non-technology-based investments at the corresponding stage. So, even with higher acceptance rates for NTBFs, technology still proves to be a more important risk factor than stage of investment. Especially, the survey by Lockett et al. (2001) indicates that venture capitalists believe that many of NTBF proposals continue to be riskier than non-technology projects due to issues in management quality, intellectual property protect ion and potential market size.So there comes the problem of equity gap for the NTBFs. These firms are unable to get investments from either business angels or venture capitalists. The reason is that the small private Investors have moderate financial resources and generally invest relatively small amounts of equity that is not enough for the new ventures and at the like time venture capitalists invest in bigger projects and the minimum sum they provide is higher than that the company asks for. According to the 2004 Bridging the Finance Gap report, the equity gap affects businesses seeking to conspire between approximately 250,000 and 2 million of equity finance, and that this gap is most severe for sub-1 million investments and for innovative businesses at an early stage of their development.Exit strategy for investor. On the supply side, monetary fund market activity and the availability of trade sale opportunities were found to be important elements. VCs think in milestones but dream of exits. tangible exits such as stock market introductions are important for VCs to raise funds. It does not really matter whether these companies are introduced on local or supranational public markets as long as the stock market is liquid.(source)Ideally, investments are realised through an initial offering, an industrial trade sale, or a secondary sale (Sderblom 2006). However, deep and liquid stock markets and favourable conditions to experience trade sales tend to be the most important factors for VC industry to flourish. Bringing a company to IPO indicates the quality of the VC and is important for investors in considering subsequent funding rounds, even though IPOs only account for less than 5% of total exits. A secondary market in for stock exchanges in the UK was created with AIM (Alternative Investment Market founded in 1995, and has grown significantly, from having a capitalisation of 82.2 million in 1995 to nearly 40 billion at the time in 2008. Furthermore , the London Stock Exchange launched techMARK to help shape up existing quoted technology stocks and attract new ones to the exchange. However, according to BVCA there is a slow development of early stage VC in Britain and the whole Europe because of the absence of a functioning pan-European stock exchange for early stage ventures. The problem is that the European second-tier markets are fragmented (as several second-tier markets were launched) which resulted in limited capitalisation and liquidity of individual markets. Thus, reforms in capital market regulations may be needed to allow the creation of a single stock market for growth companies (including the UK markets) promoting economies of scale (Clarysse et.al. 2009). The sizes of public funds in the UK have not enabled the industry to reach a sufficient critical press and the limited availability of follow-on financing has resulted in a second equity gap. To address this, the organization could cornerstone an investment in to a fund-of-funds that would attract private capital from institutional investors which would invest in venture capital funds able to demonstrate a track record of strong performance. (source)The Importance of balance between private sector and public sector investors in VC industrySince the early development of venture capital industry till late 1990s venture funds were primarily publicly-funded and support by Business Expansion Scheme, which was replaced in 1994 by the Enterprise Investment Scheme (Mason et al. 2009). At the beginning of 20th century Many of these funds became hybrids, involving a combination of public money and private investors, with incentives which enhance the risk- pay back compose to attract private investors. Although free-standing private sector investments increased in numeric terms from 2002 until 2006, they have declined as a proportion of total investment activity from 81% in 2001 to 56% in 2008. In the UK the increased involvement of the public sect or is even more apparent in the early stage venture capital market (Mason et al. 2009) accounting for the majority of such investments. In 2001 public sector funds were involved in 36% of investments. By 2003, as the various funds established by the Labour presidency came on stream, this had risen to 51% and by 2008 accounted for 68% of all investments. The proportion of public sector investments in the form of co-investment schemes has grown from 28% in 2001 to peak at 56% in 2007, falling back to 45% in 2008. (source)Nonetheless, emerging evidence from a NESTA/BVCA require (Nightingale et al, 2009 cited by Mason et al. 2009) indicates that companies that have received funding from public sector venture capital funds have not performed significantly soften than those firms that did not receive funding from such sources. One interpretation is that public sector venture capital funds may not be able to add value to the companies they manage, because there is a necessity to attract , reward and hold together experienced and committed venture capital executives to manage public funds. In other words, the individuals running public sector funds are highly rewarded and incentivised to make the beaver possible returns. On the other hand, public sector venture capital funds may not be able to attract capable investment managers, and consequently they are unable to make good investments (quality of deal flow, domain knowledge, effectiveness of their due diligence). Thus, dominating position of publicly funded VC funds especially in economically lagging regions resulted in inefficient performance of regionally based funds in the Midlands and north of England, along with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland due to lack of entrepreneurial eco- frame and necessary ne cardinalrks with expert VC managers and external investors, and this in turn resulted in the VC industry in UK being concentrated and limited in traditionally active centres as London and Cambridge.Analysi sSuch a market would have two crucial benefits first, it would greatly improve the ability VC-backed companies to raise large sums of capital required for global expansion and secondly, it would help to increase the average valuations of MA transactions. Further research should be conducted to fill the gaps and update the existing literature on the feasibility of a Pan-European stock exchange.A before long description of development of VCindustry in ChinaHow it originated and developed?Chinas venture capital business started from the middle of 1980s. For more or less twenty five years development, Chinas venture capital has made a great improvement, especially in the recent quatern or five years. However, there are still a lot of difficulties and problems facing China venture capital. For example, lack of appropriate regulations and policies, inflexible venture capital investment instrument, lack of diversity of funding sources or lack of effective exit mechanism and so on.In 19 83, the State Science Technology Commission (SSTC) (now the Ministry of Science Technology or MOST) set up a Research Group of Countermeasures to the Influence of the revolutionary Technology Revolution in order to carefully study the international technology situation. (This was the first time for China to truly face the implications that were taking place in the development of the global economy. After that from 1985 to 1995, the Central Government and some local governments financed and set-up investment institutions that intended to pursue the venture capital business. (Jack C. Fensterstock, Aimin Li 2001)In the year 1999, lots of government funding were lost, because of not deeply and really understand VC. After that both government and private started to change, for example, make some polices and gave better conditions for those who is good at VC.Since 2006, VC is on its pick up in chinaware, with the government supplying majority of it, however the amount of both private funding and the funding from abroad has developed significantly,More, VC in china is paying more and more attentions on new technologies.(Jack C. Fensterstock, Aimin Li 2001)insurance support in ChinaVenture capital as a risk investment, it is highly risky but also highly profitable. More integrated laws or regulations are needed for Chinas venture capital development.In China, to protect and regulate the VC markets, Chinese government had made some bailiwick laws and some local laws duo to its own background. (As the graph shows below) In China, there are several different business activities of Venture capital. However, it is not permitted for VC enterprises to invest in guarantee services or real property business activities.Venture capital investment businessVenture capital investment business carried out on behalf of other organizations such as VC enterprises or individualsVenture capital investment consulting businessVenture capital investment management services provided to VC enterprisesParticipations in VC enterprises and venture capital management consultancies.(China Venture Capital Regulations Published January 6, 2006 Hong Kong)With the development of policy, technological and understanding of VC, both organisational and institutional elements in China are becoming more and more complex. The system that has emerged so removed is highly complex in terms of variety and number of organizational actors.Although the result has been dramatic, the series of changes are best seen as evolutionary and primarily driven by Chinas larger mark of national technological and economic development. As such, key changes in Chinas information and technology policy and business system structure during the transition era can be linked to the emergence and nature of Chinas venture capital industry. In this context, venture capital is simultaneously an extension of prior policy trajectories, as well as a potential answer to problems that other policy initiatives ha ve not been able to solve.Balance between private and publicFor the venture capital industry in China, unlike other countries, it has been promoted not as a means to private gain it is a critical mechanism to connect among scientific, technological capabilities and output. one hand, with national and regional economic and social development on the other which includes the total set of related actors and institutions, has undergone a dramatic transformation over the last two decades.The source for fund is very single, most of them are from government, or conglomerate by both private and government. Also, for Chinese government, it is always believed that both information and technology are the most significant parts of its search for economic development. (Steven WHITE, 2008)Most venture capital funds have a restore life of 10 years, with the possibility of a few years of extensions to allow for private companies still seeking liquidity. The source for fund is very single, most of them are from government, or fixed by both private and government, and government takes the risky, compared with others, this kinds of fund do not want to take high risk investment.The national and local governments may establish venture capital investment guidance funds. The funds are to support the establishment and development of VC enterprises by taking equity participations and providing financial guarantees, etc. The state shall use serious tax policies to support the development of VC enterprises and to encourage them to invest in small and medium size enterprises, in particular in the high tech sector. The foregoing preferential policies shall be set forth in regulations to be drafted by the relevant authorities.Exit mechanism of Venture capital in ChinaChinas venture capital business started from the middle of 1980s (2). For virtually twenty five years development, Chinas venture capital has made a great improvement, especially in the recent years. Yet there are still a lot of difficulties and problems facing China venture capital. Compare to developed countries, China venture capital still lagging far behind. Exit mechanism as the major process of making profit from investment, it is very important to Venture capital. However, Because of the lack of appropriate laws, regulations or market structures and so on, exit become extremely difficult for China venture capital industry.Exit mechanism of venture capital mainly including four methods, initial public offering (IPO), mergers and acquisitionsrepurchasewrite- off (10). In China, about 15% of venture capital exit mechanism is by IPO in recent years, this is higher than in developed countries, this is not good because over half of listed companies are overseas-listed over 37% of venture capital exit from mergers and acquisitions which is the highest compare to the other exit mechanisms (Qisong Wang, 2004), and this is still increasing. Both metrical composition are proving that chinas venture capi tal exit mechanism lacks of flexibility, the reasons lead to exit inflexibility can be described as follow lack of appropriate laws, policies or regulations inadequacy of a well organized market structure absence of a efficient intermediate service system limitation on enterprise ownership structure, and so on.One big very important element should be taken into consideration is that the Chinese government involvement. Most domestic venture capital institutions in China carry a government background or were once state owned enterprises, this deprive them of the capability of adapting to the high marketization, ardent competition, high intelligence, and high-responsiveness of the venture capital industry (Gongmeng Chen, 2005). The inflexibility of venture capital investment mechanism and lack of competitiveness is another problem to China venture capital development. If they do not thoroughly press forward with the marketization and globalization reform, even though they can have some development it will not be a long-term intrinsic development. No matter the market or policy environment in China, both have limited the adjustment of venture capital development. What the government can do is to build a more specific regulation system to rule the whole venture capital market. The Chinese market is attractive to foreign venture capitalists because of large domestic demand, rapid economic development (Chang Sun, 2006). Government itself can do investing but the more important thing is to encourage private equity and other forms of capital to involve into venture